Qaababka socdaalka iyo isbeddelka ee walxaha raadadka sida soodhiyam (Na), vanadium (V), nikkel (Ni), iyo kaalshiyam (Ca) ee ku jira kookaha batroolka inta lagu jiro kalsiyum-ka waxaa si wadajir ah u saameeya heerkulka, qaababka dhacdooyinka, iyo falgallada kiimikada. Qaababka gaarka ah waa sidan soo socota:
1. Socdaalka iyo Isbeddelka Sodium (Na)
- Heerkulka hooseeya (<1000°C): Sodiyamku wuxuu inta badan ku jiraa qaab cusbo aan dabiici ahayn (tusaale, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride) ama isku-dhafan dabiici ah, oo leh isbeddel yar. Marka heerkulku kor u kaco, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u burburaa oksaydhyo gaas ah (tusaale, Na₂O) ama hydroxides (tusaale, NaOH).
- Heerkulka sare (>1000°C): Isbeddelka soodhiyamku si weyn ayuu u kordhaa. Isku-dhafka laga sameeyay sulfur iyo chlorine (tusaale ahaan, Na₂S, NaCl) si fudud ayay u milmaan ama u burburaan heerkul sare, taasoo keenta in soodhiyamku uu ka baxo qaab gaas ah.
- Arrimaha Saameeya: Isbeddelka soodhiyamka waxaa si weyn u saameeya jawiga kalsiyum-ka (oksaydhaynta/yaraynta). Xaaladaha hoos u dhaca, soodhiyamku waxay u badan tahay inuu isbeddelo qaab sulfide ah.
2. Socdaalka iyo Isbeddelka Vanadium (V)
- Qaababka Soo-baxa: Vanadium-ka ku jira kookaha batroolka wuxuu inta badan ku jiraa qaabab dabiici ah (tusaale ahaan, vanadyl porphyrins) iyo qaabab deggan (tusaale ahaan, vanadium oxides, silicates).
- Heerkulka hooseeya (<1100°C): Vanadium-ka ku xiran dabiiciga ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u burbura marka heerkulku sii kordho, isagoo isu beddelaya qaabab biyo ku milma, ion-ku-beddelan karo, ama kaarboonayt ku xiran. Qaar ka mid ah vanadium-ku waxay la falgalaan macdanta kalsiyum iyo birta si ay u sameeyaan eutectics-ka ku milma dhibicda dhalaalaysa ee hoose.
- Heerkulka sare (>1100°C): Isbeddelka vanadium-ka ayaa si xoog leh u kordha. Vanadium-ka dabiiciga ah ee ku xiran wuxuu si dhakhso ah u burburaa noocyo gaas ah oo VOₓ ah (tusaale ahaan, VO, V₂O₅), halka vanadium-ka deggan (tusaale ahaan, V₂O₃) uu qayb ahaan dhalaalo oo uu sii daayo xaddi yar oo vanadium ah heerkul sare.
- Arrimaha Saameeya: Isbeddelka vanadium waxaa saameeya heerkulka, heerka gubashada, iyo isku-dhafka macdanta. Heerkulka sare, vanadium wuxuu sameeyaa qaab-dhismeedyo nanocrystalline ah oo leh silicon iyo sulfur, taasoo horseedaysa isbeddel qayb ahaan ah oo qaab gaas ah.
3. Socdaalka iyo Isbeddelka Nikkel (Ni)
- Qaababka Soo-baxa: Nikkel-ka ku jira kookaha batroolka wuxuu inta badan ku jiraa qaab sulfide (Ni₃S₂), oksaydhyada (NiO2), ama silicates.
- Heerkulka hooseeya (<900°C): Nikkel wuxuu u jiraa sidii Ni₃S₂, iyadoo leh isbeddel yar.
- Heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ah (900–1200°C): Ni₃S₂ si tartiib tartiib ah ayuu isu beddelaa NiS oo ku jira wasakh dareere ah, isagoo gaaraya heerka ugu sarreeya ee NiS oo ah qiyaastii 22.4% heerkul ah 1200°C, ka hor inta uusan dib ugu laaban Ni₃S₂ marka heerkulku sii kordho.
- Heerkulka sare (>1400°C): Nikkel wuxuu ku milmaa qaab iskudhisyo gaas ah (tusaale ahaan, Ni(g), NiS(g)), laakiin Ni₃S₂ si toos ah uma beddelo Ni(s) adag.
- Arrimaha Saameeya: Isbeddelka nikkelka waxaa si weyn u saameeya walxaha gaaska bixiya (tusaale ahaan, O₂, H₂O). Ku darista O₂ waxay hor istaagtaa beddelka Ni₃S₂ una beddelo Ni-ga elemental waxayna xakameysaa sameynta isku-dhafka spinel (tusaale ahaan, NiAl₂O₄).
4. Socdaalka iyo Isbeddelka Kaalshiyamka (Ca)
- Qaababka Soo-baxa: Kaalshiyamka ku jira kookaha batroolka wuxuu inta badan ku jiraa qaab kaarboonat (CaCO₃), sulfates (CaSO₄), ama silicates.
- Heerkulka hooseeya (<800°C): Kaarboonatyadu waxay isu beddelaan CaO iyo CO₂, halka sulfates-ku ay isu beddelaan CaO iyo SO₃, taasoo horseedaysa kobcinta kaalshiyamka qaab oksaydh ah.
- Heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ah (800–1200°C): CaO waxay la falgashaa silikoon iyo aluminium si ay u samayso macdano yar oo dhalaala (tusaale ahaan, anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), iyadoo qaar ka mid ah kalsiyumku ay ku harsan yihiin qaab adag.
- Heerkulka Sare (>1200°C): Isbeddelka kaalshiyamka waa mid hooseeya, laakiin macdanta dhalaalaysa ee hoose waxay qayb ahaan dhalaali kartaa ama u burburi kartaa heerkul sare, taasoo keenta in kaalshiyamku u guuro qaab gaas ama dareere ah.
- Arrimaha Saameeya: Socdaalka kaalshiyamka waxaa si weyn u saameeya saamiga silica-alumina iyo saamiga birta-kaalshiyamka. Kordhinta saamiga silica-alumina waxay kor u qaadaysaa beddelka FeV₂O₄ ilaa V₂O₃, halka kororka saamiga birta-kaalshiyamka uu hor istaagayo sameynta CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Qaabab Dhammaystiran
- Ku tiirsanaanta heerkulka: Heerka isbeddelka ee walxaha raadku wuxuu kordhaa marka heerkulku kordho, laakiin heerarka heerkulka isbeddelka ayaa si weyn ugu kala duwan curiyayaasha (tusaale ahaan, vanadium wuxuu si xoog leh u dhalaalaa marka uu ka sarreeyo 1100°C, halka nikkelku uu noqdo mid muhiim ah oo ka sarreeya 1400°C).
- Saamaynta qaababka dhacdooyinka: Curiyeyaasha raadadka dabiiciga ah (tusaale ahaan, vanadium-ka dabiiciga ah) way ka dabacsan yihiin qaababka deggan (tusaale ahaan, vanadium oxides).
- Xakamaynta falgalka kiimikada: Kala-baxa walxaha raadadka waxaa lagu xakameeyaa falgallada sulfur iyo koloriin, iyagoo sameeya iskudhisyo dhalaal yar ama gaas ah (tusaale ahaan, Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Tilmaamaha Hagaajinta Hawsha: Xakamaynta heerkulka kalsiyumaynta, jawiga, iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro (tusaale ahaan, wax ka beddelka saamiga silica-alumina) waxay xakamayn kartaa isbeddelka walxaha waxyeelada leh waxayna hagaajin kartaa tayada kookaha kalsiyumaysan.
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-17-2026