Soo Koobid:Qoraagu wuxuu falanqeynayaa wax soo saarka iyo xaaladda isticmaalka kookaha ee dalkeenna, rajada laga qabo in la isticmaalo kookaha garaafiga ah iyo mustaqbalka warshadaha ee qalabka elektiroonigga taban, si loo barto caqabadaha horumarinta kookaha saliidda, oo ay ku jiraan kheyraadka ceeriinku waa yar yihiin, tayadu ma sarreyso, wareegga dheer iyo qiimeynta codsiga awoodda xad-dhaafka ah, kordhinta cilmi-baarista kala-qaybinta alaabta, codsiga, cabbiraadaha waxqabadka, sida daraasadaha ururka si loo horumariyo suuqa heerka sare ah.
Sida laga soo xigtay ilo kala duwan oo laga helo walxaha ceeriin, coke-ka irbadda waxaa loo qaybin karaa coke-ka irbadda saliidda iyo coke-ka irbadda dhuxusha. Coke-ka irbadda saliidda waxaa inta badan laga sameeyaa dareeraha FCC iyada oo loo marayo sifeynta, hydrodesulfurization, coking-ka dib u dhaca iyo kalcination. Hawshu waa mid aad u adag waxayna leedahay macluumaad farsamo oo sarreeya. Coke-ka irbadda wuxuu leeyahay astaamo kaarboon sare, sulfur hooseeya, nitrogen hooseeya, dambas hooseeya iyo wixii la mid ah, wuxuuna leeyahay sifooyin elektrokiimiko iyo farsamo oo heer sare ah ka dib garafitization. Waa nooc ka mid ah walxaha kaarboonka sare ee anisotropic oo leh garafitization fudud.
Coke-ga irbadda waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa elektroodka graphite-ka awoodda sare leh, iyo walxaha katode-ka baytariga lithium ion, iyadoo ah ujeeddooyinka istaraatiijiyadeed ee "peak carbon", "dhexdhexaad kaarboon", waddamadu waxay sii wadaan inay kor u qaadaan isbeddelka birta iyo birta iyo warshadaha baabuurta iyo casriyeynta hagaajinta qaab-dhismeedka warshadaha iyo kor u qaadista isticmaalka tiknoolajiyada ilaalinta deegaanka ee kaarboon yar iyo cagaarka ah ee badbaadinta tamarta, si kor loogu qaado sameynta birta foornada korantada iyo horumarinta degdegga ah ee gawaarida tamarta cusub. Baahida loo qabo coke-ga irbadda cayriin ayaa sidoo kale si degdeg ah u koraysa. Mustaqbalka, warshadaha hoose ee coke-ga irbadda ayaa weli aad u barwaaqoobi doona. Mawduucani wuxuu falanqeynayaa xaaladda codsiga iyo rajada coke-ga irbadda ee electrode-ka graphite iyo walxaha anode, wuxuuna soo bandhigayaa caqabadaha iyo tallaabooyinka looga hortagayo horumarinta caafimaadka leh ee warshadaha coke-ga irbadda.
1. Falanqaynta wax soo saarka iyo jihada socodka ee kookaha irbadda
1.1 Soo saarista irbadda kookaha
Soo saarista irbadda kookaha waxaa inta badan lagu soo ururiyaa dhowr waddan sida Shiinaha, Mareykanka, Boqortooyada Midowday (UK), Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Japan. Sannadkii 2011, awoodda wax soo saarka adduunka ee irbadda kookaha wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 1200kt/a, kaas oo awoodda wax soo saarka Shiinaha ay ahayd 250kt/a, waxaana jiray afar shirkadood oo Shiinaha laga leeyahay oo keliya oo soo saara irbadda kookaha. Marka la gaaro 2021, sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka Sinfern Information, awoodda wax soo saarka adduunka ee irbadda kookaha ayaa kordhi doonta ilaa 3250kt/a, awoodda wax soo saarka ee irbadda kookaha ee Shiinahana waxay kordhi doontaa ilaa 2240kt/a, taasoo ka dhigan 68.9% awoodda wax soo saarka adduunka, tirada soo saarayaasha irbadda kookaha ee Shiinahana waxay kordhi doontaa ilaa 21.
Shaxda 1aad waxay muujinaysaa awoodda wax soo saarka ee 10-ka shirkadood ee ugu sarreeya soosaarayaasha kookaha ee adduunka, iyadoo wadarta guud ee awoodda wax soo saarka ay tahay 2130kt/a, taasoo ka dhigan 65.5% awoodda wax soo saarka adduunka. Marka laga eego aragtida awoodda wax soo saarka adduunka ee shirkadaha kookaha ee cirbadaha, soosaarayaasha kookaha ee taxanaha saliidda guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin cabbir aad u weyn, celceliska awoodda wax soo saarka ee hal warshad waa 100 ~ 200kt/a, awoodda wax soo saarka kookaha ee taxanaha dhuxusha waa qiyaastii 50kT/a.
Sannadaha soo socda, awoodda wax soo saarka ee caalamiga ah ee coke-ka irbadda ayaa sii kordhi doonta, laakiin inta badan waxay ka iman doontaa Shiinaha. Awoodda wax soo saarka ee irbadda coke ee la qorsheeyay iyo tan dhismaha ku jirta ee Shiinaha waa qiyaastii 430kT /a, xaaladda awoodda xad-dhaafka ahna way sii xumaanaysaa. Dibadda Shiinaha, awoodda coke-ka irbadda waa mid xasilloon, iyadoo warshadda OMSK ee Ruushka ay qorsheyneyso inay dhisto cutub coke ah oo 38kt/a irbadda ah sanadka 2021.
Jaantuska 1aad wuxuu muujinayaa soo saarista irbadda kookaha ee Shiinaha 5tii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga arki karo Jaantuska 1aad, soo saarista irbadda kookaha ee Shiinaha ayaa gaartay kobac aad u weyn, iyadoo heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah ee isku dhafan uu yahay 45% 5tii sano gudahood. Sannadkii 2020, wadarta wax soo saarka irbadda kookaha ee Shiinaha ayaa gaartay 517kT, oo ay ku jiraan 176kT oo taxane dhuxul ah iyo 341kT oo taxane saliid ah.
1.2 Soo dejinta irbadda kookaha
Jaantuska 2aad wuxuu muujinayaa xaaladda soo dejinta ee coke-ka irbadda ee Shiinaha 5tii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga arki karo Jaantuska 2aad, ka hor inta uusan dillaacin COVID-19, mugga soo dejinta ee coke-ka irbadda ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn u kordhay, isagoo gaaray 270kT sannadkii 2019, taasoo ah rikoor aad u sarreeya. Sannadkii 2020, sababtoo ah qiimaha sare ee coke-ka irbadda ee la soo dejiyo, hoos u dhaca tartanka, kaydka dekedda oo badan, iyo faafitaanka joogtada ah ee cudurrada faafa ee Yurub iyo Mareykanka, mugga soo dejinta ee coke-ka irbadda ee Shiinaha sannadkii 2020 wuxuu ahaa 132kt oo keliya, hoos u dhac 51% sannadkii. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka, coke-ka irbadda ee la soo dejiyo sannadkii 2020, coke-ka irbadda saliidda wuxuu ahaa 27.5kT, hoos u dhac 82.93% sannadkii; Coke-ka cirbadda lagu cabbiro dhuxusha 104.1kt, 18.26% ayaa ka badan sannadkii hore, sababta ugu weyn ayaa ah in gaadiidka badda ee Japan iyo Kuuriyada Koonfureed uu si yar u saameeyo cudurka faafa, marka labaad, qiimaha qaar ka mid ah alaabada ka yimaada Japan iyo Kuuriyada Koonfureed ayaa ka hooseeya kan alaabada la midka ah ee Shiinaha, mugga dalabka hoosena waa mid aad u badan.
1.3 Jihada loo adeegsado irbadda kookaha
Coke-ga irbadda waa nooc ka mid ah walxaha kaarboonka ee heerka sare ah, kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo sidii walxo ceeriin ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista elektroodka garaafiga awoodda sare leh iyo walxaha anode-ka garaafiga macmalka ah. Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo adeegsado terminal-ka waa sameynta birta foornada korantada iyo baytariyada korontada ee baabuurta tamarta cusub.
Jaantuska 3aad wuxuu muujinayaa isbeddelka isticmaalka kookaha irbadda ee Shiinaha 5tii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Elektroodka garaafiga waa goobta codsiga ugu weyn, heerka kobaca baahidana wuxuu galayaa marxalad siman, halka walxaha elektroodka taban ay sii wadaan inay si degdeg ah u koraan. Sannadkii 2020, wadarta isticmaalka kookaha irbadda ee Shiinaha (oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka kaydka) wuxuu ahaa 740kT, kuwaas oo 340kT oo ah walxo taban iyo 400kt oo ah elektroodka garaafiga la isticmaalay, taasoo ka dhigan 45% isticmaalka walxaha taban.
2.1 Horumarinta sameynta birta eAF
Warshadaha birta iyo birta ayaa ah soo saarayaasha ugu waaweyn ee qiiqa kaarboonka ee Shiinaha. Waxaa jira laba hab oo wax soo saar oo ugu muhiimsan oo ah birta iyo birta: foornada qaraxa iyo foornada korantada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, sameynta birta foornada korantada waxay yareyn kartaa qiiqa kaarboonka 60%, waxayna xaqiijin kartaa dib u warshadaynta kheyraadka birta qashinka ah waxayna yareyn kartaa ku tiirsanaanta soo dejinta macdanta birta. Warshadaha birta iyo birta waxay soo jeediyeen inay hormuud ka noqdaan gaarista yoolka "peak carbon" iyo "dhexdhexaadnimada kaarboonka" marka la gaaro 2025. Iyada oo la raacayo hagitaanka siyaasadda warshadaha birta iyo birta qaranka, waxaa jiri doona tiro badan oo warshado bir ah oo lagu beddelayo birta foornada beddelaha iyo foornada qarxa foornada korantada.
Sanadka 2020, wax soo saarka birta cayriin ee Shiinaha waa 1054.4mt, kaas oo wax soo saarka birta eAF uu yahay qiyaastii 96Mt, taasoo ka dhigan 9.1% oo keliya wadarta guud ee birta cayriin, marka la barbar dhigo 18% celceliska adduunka, 67% Mareykanka, 39% Midowga Yurub, iyo 22% birta EAF ee Japan, waxaa jira meel weyn oo horumar ah. Sida ku cad qabyo-qoraalka "Tilmaamaha Horumarinta Tayada Sare ee Warshadaha Birta iyo Birta" oo ay soo saartay Wasaaradda Warshadaha iyo Tiknoolajiyadda Macluumaadka Diseembar 31, 2020, saamiga wax soo saarka birta eAF ee wadarta guud ee wax soo saarka birta cayriin waa in la kordhiyaa ilaa 15% ~ 20% marka la gaaro 2025. Kordhinta wax soo saarka birta eAF waxay si weyn u kordhin doontaa baahida loo qabo elektroodhada graphite ee awoodda aadka u sarreeya. Isbeddelka horumarinta ee foornada korantada ee guriga waa mid heer sare ah oo baaxad weyn leh, taas oo soo bandhigaysa baahi weyn oo loogu talagalay qeexitaan ballaaran iyo elektroodka graphite ee awoodda aadka u sarreeya.
2.2 Xaaladda wax soo saarka ee elektroodka garaafka
Elektroodka Graphite waa mid lagama maarmaan u ah sameynta birta eAF. Jaantuska 4aad wuxuu muujinayaa awoodda wax soo saarka iyo wax soo saarka elektroodka garaafiga ee Shiinaha 5tii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Awoodda wax soo saarka elektroodka garaafiga ayaa ka korodhay 1050kT /a sanadkii 2016 ilaa 2200kt/a sanadkii 2020, iyadoo heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah ee isku-dhafka ah uu yahay 15.94%. Shantan sano waa muddada kobaca degdegga ah ee awoodda wax soo saarka elektroodka garaafiga, iyo sidoo kale wareegga socodsiinta ee horumarka degdegga ah ee warshadaha elektroodka garaafiga. Kahor 2017, warshadaha elektroodka garaafiga oo ah warshad wax soo saar dhaqameed oo leh isticmaalka tamarta sare iyo wasakhowga sare, shirkadaha elektroodka garaafiga ee waaweyn ee gudaha ayaa yareeya wax soo saarka, shirkadaha elektroodka garaafiga ee yar yar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah waxay wajahayaan xidhitaan, xitaa shirkadaha waaweyn ee elektroodka caalamiga ah waa inay joojiyaan wax soo saarka, dib u iibinta iyo bixitaanka. Sannadkii 2017, oo ay saamaysay oo ay kaxaysay siyaasadda maamulka qaranka ee qasabka ah ee ka saarista "birta dabaqa ah", qiimaha elektroodka garaafiga ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn kor ugu kacay. Iyada oo ay kicisay faa'iidada xad-dhaafka ah, suuqa elektroodka garaafiga ayaa horseeday mowjad dib u bilaabid iyo ballaarin awoodeed.
Sannadkii 2019, wax soo saarka elektroodka garaafiga ee Shiinaha ayaa gaaray heer sare sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, isagoo gaaray 1189kT. Sannadkii 2020, wax soo saarka elektroodka garaafiga ayaa hoos u dhacay ilaa 1020kT sababtoo ah baahida daciifka ah ee uu sababay cudurka faafa. Laakiin guud ahaan, warshadaha elektroodka garaafiga ee Shiinaha waxay leeyihiin awood xad dhaaf ah, heerka isticmaalkana wuxuu hoos uga dhacay 70% sannadkii 2017 ilaa 46% sannadkii 2020, taasoo ah heer cusub oo isticmaalka awoodda oo hooseeya.
2.3 Falanqaynta baahida ee kookaha irbadda ee warshadaha elektroodka garaafka
Horumarinta birta eAF waxay horseedi doontaa baahida loo qabo elektroodka garaafiga ee awoodda sare leh. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in baahida loo qabo elektroodka garaafiga ay noqon doonto qiyaastii 1300kt sanadka 2025, baahida loo qabo kookaha irbadda cayriin waxay noqon doontaa qiyaastii 450kT. Sababtoo ah soo saarista elektroodka garaafiga ee cabbirka weyn iyo awoodda aadka u sarreysa iyo kala-goysyada, kookaha irbadda ku salaysan saliidda ayaa ka wanaagsan kookaha irbadda ku salaysan dhuxusha, saamiga baahida elektroodka garaafiga ee kookaha irbadda ku salaysan saliidda ayaa sii kordhi doona, taasoo buuxin doonta booska suuqa ee kookaha irbadda ku salaysan dhuxusha.
Waqtiga boostada: Maarso-23-2022