Mabda'a garaafitirinta waxaa ku jira daaweynta kulaylka heerkulka sare leh (2300–3000°C), taas oo keenta dib-u-habaynta atamka kaarboon ee aan qaab-dhismeedka lahayn ee aan qaab-dhismeedka lahayn ee saddex-geesoodka ah ee nidaamka kuleylka deggan. Xudunta habkan waxay ku jirtaa dib-u-dhiska shabag lix-geesood ah iyada oo loo marayo isku-darka SP² ee atamka kaarboonka, kaas oo loo qaybin karo saddex marxaladood:
Marxaladda Kobaca Microcrystalline (1000–1800°C):
Heerkulkan dhexdiisa, wasakhda ku jirta walxaha kaarboonka (sida biraha dhibicda dhalaalka hooseeya, baaruudka, iyo fosfooraska) waxay bilaabaan inay uumi baxaan oo ay isbeddelaan, halka qaab-dhismeedka shaxda ee lakabka kaarboonku uu si tartiib tartiib ah u fido. Dhererka microcrystals-ka wuxuu ka kordhaa ~1 nanometer bilow ah ilaa 10 nanometer, taasoo aasaaska u dhigaysa kala-horeynta xigta.
Marxaladda Kala-horreynta Saddex-cabbir (1800–2500°C):
Marka heerkulku kor u kaco, isku-dheellitir la'aanta u dhaxaysa lakabyada kaarboon ayaa hoos u dhacda, kala-fogaanshaha lakabka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u soo yaraanaya ilaa 0.343–0.346 nanomitir (iyadoo la gaarayo qiimaha garaafka ee ugu habboon ee 0.335 nanomitir). Heerka garaafka ayaa ka kordha 0 ilaa 0.9, walaxduna waxay bilaabataa inay muujiso astaamo garaafka oo kala duwan, sida koronto-qaadis iyo kuleyl oo si weyn loo xoojiyay.
Marxaladda Kaamilnimada ee Crystal (2500–3000°C):
Heerkulka sare, microcrystals-ku waxay maraan dib-u-habayn, cilladaha shabagga (sida boosaska bannaan iyo kala-goysyada) si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo hagaajiyaa, iyadoo heerka garaafka uu ku dhow yahay 1.0 (kiristaal ku habboon). Waqtigan xaadirka ah, iska caabbinta korantada ee walaxda ayaa hoos u dhici karta 4-5 jeer, gudbinta kulaylka ayaa hagaagta qiyaastii 10 jeer, isku-darka ballaarinta toosan ayaa hoos u dhacda 50-80%, xasilloonida kiimikadana si weyn ayaa loo xoojiyaa.
Soo gelinta tamarta heerkulka sare leh waa xoogga ugu muhiimsan ee graphitization, ka gudubka caqabadda tamarta ee dib-u-habaynta atamka kaarboonka iyo awood u siinta u gudubka qaab-dhismeedka nidaamsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, ku darista kataliyayaal (sida boron, bir, ama ferrosilicon) waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa heerkulka graphitization waxayna kor u qaadi kartaa faafinta atamka kaarboonka iyo sameynta shaadhka. Tusaale ahaan, marka ferrosilicon uu ka kooban yahay 25% silicon, heerkulka graphitization waxaa laga dhimi karaa 2500–3000°C ilaa 1500°C, iyadoo la soo saarayo carbide silicon ah oo lix-jibbaaran si looga caawiyo sameynta graphite.
Qiimaha codsiga ee graphitization waxaa lagu muujiyay kor u qaadista dhammaystiran ee sifooyinka agabka:
- Qaboojinta Korontada: Ka dib marka la sawiro, iska caabbinta korontada ee walaxda ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacda, taasoo ka dhigaysa walaxda kaliya ee aan biraha ahayn ee leh hab-socod koronto oo aad u fiican.
- Qaboojinta Kulaylka: Qaboojinta kulaylku waxay ku soo hagaagtaa qiyaastii 10 jeer, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon codsiyada maaraynta kulaylka.
- Xasiloonida Kiimikada: Iska caabbinta oksaydhka iyo iska caabbinta daxalka ayaa la xoojiyaa, taasoo kordhinaysa cimriga adeegga ee walxaha.
- Sifooyinka Farsamada: Inkasta oo xooggu uu yaraan karo, qaab-dhismeedka daloolka waxaa lagu hagaajin karaa iyada oo loo marayo dahaadhida, kordhinta cufnaanta iyo iska caabbinta xirashada.
- Horumarinta Nadiifnimada: Nadaafaddu way isbeddeshaa heerkulka sare, taasoo yaraynaysa dambaska badeecadda qiyaastii 300 jeer waxayna buuxinaysaa shuruudaha daahirnimada sare.
Tusaale ahaan, walxaha baytariga lithium-ion, graphitization waa tallaabo muhiim ah oo lagu diyaarinayo anodes-ka graphite ee macmal ah. Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta graphitization, cufnaanta tamarta, xasilloonida wareegga, iyo waxqabadka heerka ee walxaha anode ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay, taasoo si toos ah u saameynaysa waxqabadka guud ee baytariga. Qaar ka mid ah graphite-ka dabiiciga ah ayaa sidoo kale mara daaweyn heerkul sare ah si loo sii wanaajiyo heerka graphitization-ka, taasoo wanaajisa cufnaanta tamarta iyo hufnaanta dallacaadda.
Waqtiga boostada: Sebteembar-09-2025