01. Sida loo kala saaro recarburizers
Kaarburiyeyaasha waxaa loo qaybin karaa qiyaas ahaan afar nooc iyadoo loo eegayo alaabta ceeriin.
1. Garaafka macmalka ah
Qalabka ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka garaafyada macmalka ah waa budo tayo sare leh oo calcined petroleum coke, kaas oo asphalt lagu daro sida binder, iyo qadar yar oo qalab kale ah ayaa lagu daray. Ka dib marka la isku daro alaabta ceeriin ee kala duwan, waa la riixaa oo la sameeyaa, ka dibna lagu daaweeyaa jawi aan oksaydheyneynin oo ah 2500-3000 ° C si ay u sameeyaan graphitized. Daawaynta heerkulka sare ka dib, dambaska, baaruudda iyo gaasta ayaa si weyn loo dhimay.
Sababtoo ah qiimaha sarreeya ee alaabta garaafyada macmalka ah, badi garaafyada garaafyada macmalka ah ee sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo aasaaska ayaa ah alaab dib loo warshadeeyay sida chips, electrodes-ka qashinka ah iyo baloogyada garaafka marka la soo saaro electrodes graphite si loo yareeyo kharashka wax soo saarka.
Marka la dhalaalinayo birta ductile, si tayada birta ee kabka looga dhigo mid sare, garaafiga macmalka ah waa inuu noqdaa doorashada koowaad ee recarburizer.
2. Coke batroolka
Coke batroolka waa dib-u-carbuure si weyn loo isticmaalo.
Coke batroolka waa badeeco laga helo sifaynta saliidda cayriin. Hadhaaga iyo garoommada batroolka ee lagu helo distillation ee cadaadiska caadiga ah ama hoos u dhigista cadaadiska saliidda cayriin ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sida alaabta ceeriin ee soo saarista kookarka batroolka, ka dibna kookaha batroolka cagaaran ayaa la heli karaa ka dib marka la gooyo. Soo saarista kookaha batroolka cagaaran ayaa ah ku dhawaad in ka yar 5% cadadka saliidda cayriin ee la isticmaalo. Wax soo saarka sanadlaha ah ee kookaha batroolka ceeriin ee dalka Mareykanka waa ilaa 30 milyan oo tan. Waxyaabaha wasakhda ah ee ku jira kookaha batroolka cagaaran waa sarreeyaa, markaa si toos ah looma isticmaali karo sida recarburizer, waana in marka hore la miisaamaa.
Coke batroolka ceeriin ayaa lagu heli karaa isbuunyo u eg, irbad-u eg, granular iyo foomamka dareeraha.
Coke batroolka isbuunyada waxaa lagu diyaariyaa habka kookeynta oo daahay. Baaruudda sare iyo maadada birta awgeed, inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa shidaal ahaan xilliga calcination, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii alaabta ceeriin ee kookaha batroolka. Coke-ka isbuunyada la kariyey waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa warshadaha aluminiumka iyo sidii dib-u-carbuure ahaan.
Coke batroolka irbadda waxaa lagu diyaariyaa habka dib u dhigista oo leh walxo ceeriin ah oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabo badan oo karboornada udgoonka ah iyo ka kooban yihiin wasakh yar. Coke-kan waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka irbad-u-ekaanta si fudud u jaban, mararka qaarkoodna loo yaqaanno graphite coke, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo elektrodes graphite ka dib calcination.
Coke batroolka granular waa qaab granules adag waxaana laga sameeyaa walxo ceeriin ah oo ay ku jiraan maadooyin sare oo baaruud ah iyo asphaltene iyadoo habka dib loo dhigo coking, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa shidaal ahaan.
Coke batroolka dareeraha leh waxaa lagu helaa sariirta dareeraha leh oo si joogto ah loogu koolkooliyo.
Calcination of petroleum coke waa in meesha laga saaro baaruudda, qoyaanka, iyo kacsanaanta. Calcination of petroleum coke ee cagaarka ah 1200-1350 ° C waxay ka dhigi kartaa kaarboon saafi ah.
Isticmaalaha ugu weyn ee coke batroolka calcined waa warshadaha aluminium, 70% ka mid ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo anodes-ka yareeya bauxite. Qiyaastii 6% kookaha batroolka la kariyey ee laga soo saaro Maraykanka ayaa loo isticmaalaa dib-u-carburiyayaasha birta ah.
3. Garaafyada dabiiciga ah
Garaafyada dabiiciga ah waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc: graphite flake iyo graphite microcrystalline.
Garaafka Microcrystalline waxa uu ka kooban yahay dambas sare, guud ahaanna looma isticmaalo dib-u-carbuureiyaha birta shubka ah.
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo garaafyada flake ah: Garaafka kaarboon-flake sare wuxuu u baahan yahay in lagu soo saaro habab kiimiko, ama lagu kululeeyo heerkul sare si uu u jajabiyo oo uu u kiciyo oksaydhyada ku jira. Waxyaabaha dambaska ee garaafka ku jira ayaa sarreeya, sidaas darteed kuma habboona in loo isticmaalo dib-u-qaadista; Garaafka kaarboonka dhexdhexaadka ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa dib-u-carburiye ahaan, laakiin qaddarku ma badna.
4. Coke iyo Anthracite
Inta lagu guda jiro samaynta birta foornada qaansada ee korontada ku shaqeysa, kookaha ama anthracite ayaa lagu dari karaa dib-u-carbuure ahaan marka la dallaco. Sababo la xiriira dambaska sarreeya iyo waxa ku jira isbeddelka, foornada induction ee dhalaalaysa kabka birta ayaa dhif ah loo isticmaalaa sidii dib-u-abuuris ahaan.
Iyadoo horumarinta joogtada ah ee shuruudaha ilaalinta deegaanka, feejignaan dheeraad ah ayaa la bixiyaa isticmaalka kheyraadka, iyo qiimaha birta doofaarka iyo kookaha ayaa sii kordhaya, taasoo keentay kororka kharashka shubanka. Dhismooyin badan oo badan ayaa bilaabay inay isticmaalaan foornooyinka korontada si ay u beddelaan dhalaalidda koobabka dhaqameed. Bilowgii 2011, aqoon-is-weydaarsiga qaybaha yaryar iyo kuwa dhexe ee warshadeena ayaa sidoo kale qaatay habka dhalaalidda foornada korontada si loogu beddelo habka dhalaalidda koobabka dhaqameed. Isticmaalka xaddi badan oo birta qashinka ah ee foornada korantada ee dhalada ma aha oo kaliya inay yareyso kharashka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay hagaajinaysaa sifooyinka farsamada ee dhejinta, laakiin nooca recarburizer loo isticmaalo iyo habka carburizing ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara.
02. Sida loo isticmaalo dib-u-carburiyaha dhalada foornada induction
1 Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee recarburizers
Waxaa jira walxo badan oo loo isticmaalo sida dib-u-carburiyeyaasha birta ah, sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa garaafyada macmalka ah, kookaha batroolka calcined, graphite dabiiciga ah, kookaha, anthracite, iyo isku dhafka laga sameeyay alaabtan.
(1) Garaafyada macmalka ah Waxaa ka mid ah dib-u-carbiyeyaasha kala duwan ee kor ku xusan, tayada ugu fiican waa garaafka macmalka ah. Qalabka ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka garaafyada macmalka ah waa budo tayo sare leh oo calcined petroleum coke, kaas oo asphalt lagu daro sida binder, iyo qadar yar oo qalab kale ah ayaa lagu daray. Ka dib marka la isku daro alaabta ceeriin ee kala duwan, waa la riixaa oo la sameeyaa, ka dibna lagu daaweeyaa jawi aan oksaydheyneynin oo ah 2500-3000 ° C si loo sameeyo garaafyada. Daawaynta heerkulka sare ka dib, dambaska, baaruudda iyo gaasta ayaa si weyn loo dhimay. Haddii aanu jirin kookaha batroolka ee lagu kariyey heerkul sare ama heerkul aan ku filnayn, tayada recarburizer-ka ayaa si xun u saamayn doonta. Sidaa darteed, tayada recarburizer waxay inta badan ku xiran tahay heerka garaafyada. Recarburizer wanaagsan waxa uu ka kooban yahay kaarboon garaaf (jajab tiro) 95% ilaa 98%, ka kooban baaruudku waa 0.02% ilaa 0.05%, iyo ka kooban nitrogen (100 ilaa 200) × 10-6.
(2) Coke batroolku waa dib-u-carbuure si weyn loo isticmaalo. Coke batroolka waa badeeco laga helay sifaynta saliidda cayriin. Hadhaaga iyo garoommada batroolka ee laga helo cadaadiska caadiga ah ama nadiifinta faakuum ee saliidda cayriin ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii alaabta ceeriin ee soo saarista kookaha batroolka. Coke batroolka ceeriin ah ka dib ayaa la heli karaa. Waxa ku jira waa mid sare oo si toos ah looma isticmaali karo sida recarburizer, waana in marka hore la miisaamaa.
(3) Garaafyada dabiiciga ah waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc: garaafka flake iyo garaafka microcrystalline. Garaafka Microcrystalline waxa uu ka kooban yahay dambas sare, guud ahaanna looma isticmaalo dib-u-carbuureiyaha birta shubka ah. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo garaafyada flake ah: Garaafka kaarboon-flake sare wuxuu u baahan yahay in lagu soo saaro habab kiimiko, ama lagu kululeeyo heerkul sare si uu u jajabiyo oo uu u kiciyo oksaydhyada ku jira. Waxa ku jira dambaska garaafka ku jira waa sarreeyaa oo waa inaan loo isticmaalin dib-u-burburiye ahaan. Garaafka kaarboonka dhexdhexaadka ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida dib-u-carburiyaha, laakiin qaddarku ma badna.
(4) Coke iyo anthracite Habka dhalaalidda foornada induction, kookaha ama anthracite ayaa lagu dari karaa sida recarburizer marka la dallaco. Sababo la xiriira dambaska sarreeya iyo waxa ku jira isbeddelka, foornada induction ee dhalaalaysa kabka birta ayaa dhif ah loo isticmaalaa sidii dib-u-abuuris ahaan. , Qiimaha recarburizer-kan waa mid hooseeya, waxaana iska leh recarburizer-ga hooseeya.
2. Mabda'a carburization ee birta dhalaalaysa
Habka dhalaalidda ee birta synthetic, sababtoo ah xadiga badan ee qashinka lagu daray iyo maadada C yar ee birta dhalaalaysa awgeed, karburiyaha waa in la isticmaalaa si loo kordhiyo kaarboonka. Kaarboonka ku jira qaabka curiyaha ku jira recarburizer wuxuu leeyahay heerkul dhalaal ah 3727°C lama dhalaali karo heerkulka birta dhalaalaysa. Sidaa darteed, kaarboonka ku jira recarburizer-ka waxaa inta badan lagu milmaa birta dhalaalaysa iyada oo loo marayo laba siyaabood oo kala diri iyo faafin. Marka waxa ku jira recarburizer garaafka birta dhalaalaysa ay tahay 2.1%, graphite waxa si toos ah loogu milmi karaa birta dhalaalaysa. Ifafaale xalka tooska ah ee kaarboonization aan graphite asal ahaan ma jiro, laakiin la socodka wakhtiga, kaarboon si tartiib ah u kala firdhiso oo ku milma birta dhalaalaysa. Dib-u-carburisaynta birta kabka ah ee lagu dhalaaliyay foornada induction, heerka recarburization ee recarburization graphite crystalline aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa kuwa dib-u-carburiyeyaasha aan garaafyada ahayn.
Tijaabooyinku waxay muujinayaan in kala dirida kaarboonka ee birta dhalaalaysa ay maamusho wareejinta tirada kaarboonka ee lakabka xadka dareeraha ah ee dusha sare ee qaybaha adag. Marka la barbardhigo natiijooyinka laga helay kookaha iyo walxaha dhuxusha iyo natiijooyinka lagu helay garaafka, waxaa la ogaaday in faafinta iyo kala dirida heerka kala dirida garaafyada recarburizers ee birta dhalaalaysa ay aad uga dhaqso badan tahay qaybaha kookaha iyo dhuxusha. Coke-ka qayb ahaan milmay iyo muunado qayb dhuxul ah ayaa lagu arkay mikroskoob elektaroonig ah, waxaana la ogaaday in lakabka dambaska dhuuban ee dhuuban uu ka samaysmay dusha sare ee shaybaarada, kaas oo ahaa qodobka ugu muhiimsan ee saameeya fidintooda iyo kala diristooda birta dhalaalaysa.
3. Waxyaabaha saameeya saamaynta kororka kaarboonka
(1) Saamaynta cabbirka qayb ka mid ah recarburizer Heerarka nuugista recarburizer waxay ku xidhan tahay saamaynta isku dhafan ee kala dirida iyo heerka faafinta recarburizer-ga iyo heerka luminta oksaydhka. Guud ahaan, qaybo ka mid ah recarburizer waa yar yihiin, xawaaraha kala diriddu waa degdeg badan, iyo xawaaraha luminta waa weyn; Qaybaha carburizer-ku waa weyn yihiin, xawaaraha kala diriddu waa gaabiyaa, xawaaraha khasaaruhuna waa yar yahay. Doorashada xajmiga walxaha ee recarburizer waxay la xiriirtaa dhexroorka iyo awoodda foornada. Guud ahaan, marka dhexroorka iyo awoodda foornada ay weyn yihiin, xajmiga qayb ee recarburizer waa inuu ahaadaa mid weyn; liddi ku ah, cabbirka walxaha recarburizer waa inuu ahaadaa mid yar.
(2) Saamaynta qadarka recarburizer lagu daray xaaladaha heerkul gaar ah iyo isku mid ah kiimiko, fiirsashada buuxda ee kaarboonka ee birta dhalaalaysa waa hubaal. Marka la eego heer cayiman oo dhereg ah, mar kasta oo dib-u-carburiyaha lagu daray, wakhtiga dheer ee loo baahan yahay kala dirida iyo faafinta, way sii weynaataa khasaaraha u dhigma, iyo hoos u dhaca heerka nuugista.
(3) Saamaynta heerkulku ku leeyahay heerka nuugista recarburizer Mabda 'ahaan, heerkulka sare ee birta dhalaalaysa, ayaa aad ugu habboon nuugista iyo kala dirida recarburizer-ka. Taa lidkeeda, recarburizer-gu way adagtahay in la milmo, heerka nuugista recarburizer-ka ayaa hoos u dhacda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka heerkulka birta dhalaalaysa uu aad u sarreeyo, inkastoo recarburizer ay u badan tahay inuu si buuxda u milmo, heerka luminta kaarboonka ee gubanaya wuu kordhi doonaa, taas oo ugu dambeyntii horseedi doonta hoos u dhaca kaarboonka iyo hoos u dhac ku yimaada guud ahaan. heerka nuugista recarburizer. Guud ahaan, marka heerkulka birta dhalaalaysa uu u dhexeeyo 1460 iyo 1550 °C, waxtarka nuugista recarburizer ayaa ah tan ugu fiican.
(4) Saamaynta birta dhalaalaysa ee walaaqaya heerka nuugista ee recarburizer Kicintu waxay faa'iido u leedahay kala dirida iyo faafinta kaarboonka, waxayna ka fogaataa recarburizer-ka oo ku dul sabaynaya birta dhalaalaysa oo la gubo. Ka hor inta aan dib-u-carbiyaha si buuxda u milmin, wakhtiga wax kicintu waa dheer yahay heerka nuugista ayaa sarreeya. Kicintu waxay sidoo kale yarayn kartaa kaarboonaynta wakhtiga haynta, waxay soo gaabin kartaa wareegga wax soo saarka, waxayna ka fogaan kartaa gubashada walxaha alloying ee birta dhalaalaysa. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii wakhtiga kicinta uu aad u dheer yahay, ma aha oo kaliya inay saameyn weyn ku yeelato nolosha adeegga foornada, laakiin sidoo kale waxay sii xumeyneysaa luminta kaarboonka ee birta dhalaalaysa ka dib marka dib-u-kicinta la kala diro. Sidaa darteed, wakhtiga ku habboon ee kicinta ee birta dhalaalaysa waa inay ku habboonaato si loo hubiyo in recarburizer si buuxda u milmay.
(5) Saamaynta isku-dhafka kiimikaad ee birta dhalaalaysa ee heerka nuugista recarburizer Marka nuxurka kaarboonka bilowga ah ee birta dhalaalaysa ay sarrayso, iyada oo hoos imanaysa xaddidnaan gaar ah, heerka nuugista recarburizer-gu waa mid gaabis ah, qadarka nuugista waa mid yar. , iyo khasaaraha gubanaya waa mid aad u weyn. Heerka nuugista recarburizer waa hooseeyaa. Taas lidkeeda waa run marka kaarboonka bilowga ah ee birta dhalaalaysa ay yar tahay. Intaa waxaa dheer, silikoon iyo baaruud ku jira birta dhalaalaysa waxay horjoogsadaan nuugista kaarboonka waxayna yareeyaan heerka nuugista recarburizers; halka manganese uu ka caawiyo inuu nuugo kaarboonka oo uu wanaajiyo heerka nuugista recarburizers. Marka la eego heerka saamaynta, Silicon waa tan ugu weyn, oo ay ku xigto manganese, iyo kaarboon iyo baaruud ayaa leh saameyn yar. Sidaa darteed, habka wax soo saarka dhabta ah, manganese waa in lagu daraa marka hore, ka dibna kaarboon, ka dibna silikoon.
4. Saamaynta recarburizers kala duwan ee sifooyinka birta kabka
(1) Xaaladaha tijaabada Laba 5t foornooyinka kicinta soo noqnoqda ee dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay dhalaalidda, oo leh awoodda ugu badan ee 3000kW iyo inta jeer ee 500Hz. Marka loo eego liiska maalinlaha ah ee aqoon-is-weydaarsiga (50% alaabta soo celinta, 20% birta doofaarka, 30% qashinka), isticmaal recarburizer calcined nitrogen hooseeya iyo nooca graphite-ka si aad u dhalaaliso foornada birta dhalaalaysa siday u kala horreeyaan, sida waafaqsan Shuruudaha habraaca Kadib hagaajinta ka kooban kiimikaad, tuur daboolka weyn ee dhululubada siday u kala horreeyaan.
Habka wax soo saarka: Dib-u-carbiyaha ayaa lagu daraa foornada korantada ee dufcadaha inta lagu jiro habka quudinta ee dhalada, 0.4% inoculant aasaasiga ah (silicon barium inoculant) ayaa lagu daraa habka tuubada, iyo 0.1% qulqulka sare ee inoculant (Silicon barium inoculant). Isticmaal khadka habaynta DISA2013.
(2) Qalabka makaanikada ah si loo xaqiijiyo saameynta laba dib-u-carbeerayaal kala duwan ay ku leeyihiin sifooyinka birta shubka ah, iyo si looga fogaado saameynta ka kooban birta dhalaalaysa ee natiijooyinka, halabuurka birta dhalaalaysa ee ay dhalaaliyeen recarburizers kala duwan ayaa la hagaajiyay si ay asal ahaan isku mid yihiin. . Si si buuxda loo xaqiijiyo natiijada, habka tijaabada, marka lagu daro laba qaybood oo Ø30mm baararka tijaabada ah ayaa lagu shubay labada foornood ee birta dhalaalaysa, 12 xabbo oo shub ah oo birta dhalaalaysa ayaa sidoo kale si aan kala sooc lahayn loogu doortay tijaabada adagaanta Brinell. (6 xabbo/sanduuq, tijaabi laba sanduuq).
In the case of ku dhawaad isku mid ah, xoogga baararka imtixaanka soo saaray by isticmaalaya recarburizer nooca graphite si weyn u sarreeyaa in baararka imtixaanka tuuray iyadoo la isticmaalayo calcined nooca recarburizer ah, iyo waxqabadka processing ee kabka soo saaray by recarburizer-ga nooca graphite-ka ayaa iska cad inuu ka fiican yahay kan la soo saaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo recarburizer-ga nooca garaafka ah. Riwaayadaha ay soo saaraan recarburizers calcined (marka qallafsanaanta wax lagu shubo ay aad u sarreyso, cidhifka wax lagu shubo ayaa ka muuqan doona ifafaale boodboodaya inta lagu jiro habaynta).
(3) Foomamka garaafka ee shaybaarada iyadoo la adeegsanayo recarburizer nooca graphite-ka ah dhamaantood waa nooca A-graphite, tirada garaafka ayaa ka weyn cabirkuna waa ka yar yahay.
Gabagabada soo socota ayaa laga soo qaatay natiijooyinka imtixaanka kor ku xusan: tayada sare ee nooca graphite recarburizer ma hagaajin karo oo kaliya sifooyinka farsamada ee wax lagu shubo, hagaajinta qaab-dhismeedka biraha, laakiin sidoo kale waxay wanaajisaa waxqabadka wax-qabadka ee dhejiska.
03. Epilogue
(1) Qodobbada saameeya heerka nuugista recarburizer-ku waa cabbirka qayb ka mid ah recarburizer-ga, qaddarka recarburizer-ga lagu daray, heerkulka recarburization, wakhtiga walaaq ee birta dhalaalaysa iyo isku-dhafka kiimikada ee birta dhalaalaysa.
(2) Recarburizer nooca graphite-tayada sare ah ma hagaajin karo oo kaliya sifooyinka farsamo ee wax lagu shubo, hagaajinta qaab-dhismeedka metallographic ah, laakiin sidoo kale hagaajinaysaa waxqabadka processing ee shubka. Sidaa darteed, marka la soo saarayo alaabada muhiimka ah sida baloogyada dhululubada iyo madaxyada dhululubada ee habka dhalaalidda foornada induction, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo dib-u-qaboojiyayaal nooca garaafiga ah oo tayo sare leh.
Waqtiga boostada: Nov-08-2022